Ulcerative colitis is a condition that affects the large intestine. The large intestine is composed of the colon and the rectum. The rectum is the last six inches or so of your large intestine. It's the bottom of your large intestine that connects to the anal canal and then the outside world.

Ulcerative colitis usually starts with inflammation in the rectum, and continues in a diffuse manner to involve other parts of the large intestine. What that means is there are no skip areas, which is what we see more often in Crohn's disease. So a patient who has ulcerative colitis will have a continuous inflammation of their large intestine.

About 30% of adults, when they're diagnosed with ulcerative colitis, will have the entire colon affected by this, and 30% will have just the rectum inflamed. In addition, some patients, when they're diagnosed with less than the entire large intestine inflamed, will have progression of their disease over time.

Ulcerative colitis causes a type of inflammation that's a bit more superficial and confined to the mucosa, or the lining of the large intestine. We don't know the cause of ulcerative colitis, but we do know a lot about how to treat it. And one of the things we've learned about treating ulcerative colitis, is that most of the symptoms people experience with ulcerative colitis are related to that inflamed rectum.

Because a healthy rectum is there to stretch and to store, as well as to squeeze and to sense. So when you have inflammation of your rectum, you can't sense what's there and what's going to come out, you feel this sense of urgency, the rectum doesn't stretch properly, so it can't store. So everything that comes into it may make you feel like you have to go to the bathroom.

People with ulcerative colitis that's active they have many trips to the toilet, but actually very little might come out for most of those, or they may just see mucus or blood. So this can be very, very uncomfortable to them. There's also a condition or a symptom called tenesmus, where people feel pressure on their bottom, and that's also related to the inflamed rectum.

Some people who have ulcerative colitis that involves just the bottom of their large intestine will also feel paradoxically constipated. They'll feel bloated and a lot of gas, and they'll think, why am I constipated yet running to the toilet? And the reality is, that's because the bowel above the inflammation is working just fine. But when things get to the inflamed area, they're not stretching and working the way they're supposed to. So things get backed up on these patients.

When we treat ulcerative colitis, we often start with medicines that work on the lining of the bowel in an effective way. But not only using oral therapy, we also recognize that in order to make people feel better the fastest, we often need to use rectal therapy. That means a suppository or an enema.

Now patients don't like using those. Sometimes we actually try to use a foam that might be a little easier on their bottom. But the reality is that if you get the medicine right where that inflammation is, you're going to have the patient respond better to therapy, and people feel better faster. So short term, that's a reasonable approach to doing this.

Some people with ulcerative colitis have what are called extra intestinal manifestations. That means they may have other organ systems that give them problems. The most common extra intestinal manifestation is joint pain. The most common type of joint pain is symmetrical, meaning it's on both sides of the body, and the smaller joints. And specifically related to the active inflammation of the bowel.

In other words, when you treat the bowel inflammation, the joint pain gets better. There are other extra intestinal manifestations people with ulcerative colitis might have, including skin inflammation, or even liver inflammation. But that's less common.

When people have ulcerative colitis and it's long standing, meaning more than 8 or 10 or 20 years, there is a slightly increased risk for them to develop pre-cancerous changes of the bowel. Fortunately, we think that this is on the decline, in part due to effective medicines, but also in part due to a prevention strategy we have, where we do colonoscopies after you've had disease for eight years or so, and we look for pre-cancerous changes.

Pre-cancerous changes in people without colitis are called polyps, and they're easy to find and remove. In people with ulcerative colitis, they might also have polyps, but they might also have some pre-cancerous changes just in the lining of the bowel that's flat. And we need to look very carefully for that. Nonetheless, our technologies have improved dramatically. And we can often find this and work well with our patients to remove them and to know who's at higher risk.

Another important component of understanding this is that the risk of developing pre-cancerous changes is directly related to how much inflammation there's been in the bowel over time. So it really behooves us to get your disease under control, and for patients to be taking their therapy, and to stay well.

Living with active symptoms, even if you're able to manage that, is not acceptable, because it puts you at risk for these problems later. And there really are effective treatments that we can offer most patients, and thankfully work in most patients. The expectation for treating your ulcerative colitis is not only that you're in remission, where you have formed stools without blood, without urgency, that you sleep through the night without bowel movements, and you can sense or distinguish whether you're going to pass gas or something else.

But also that we maintain that remission forever. That's our goal. We want you to stay well, and we want to figure out the best way to do that so that you can stay healthy and live a very high quality of life with this condition.

I hope you found this video helpful.